EU Institutions and Decision-Making Process — Glossary · Advanced Certificate in European Union Law and Environmental Policy

European Union (EU) #

European Union (EU)

The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states located… #

It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 and is based on the principles of democracy, rule of law, and human rights. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental decision-making. It has its own currency, the Euro, which is used by 19 member states.

European Commission #

European Commission

The European Commission is one of the main institutions of the European Union an… #

It is made up of one Commissioner from each member state, and its President is nominated by the European Council. The European Commission headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium.

European Council #

European Council

The European Council is another key institution of the European Union and is mad… #

The European Council sets the EU's overall political direction and priorities, but does not legislate.

European Parliament #

European Parliament

The European Parliament is the directly elected legislative body of the European… #

It has the power to amend and approve legislation proposed by the European Commission and plays a crucial role in the EU's decision-making process. The European Parliament is based in Strasbourg, France, and Brussels, Belgium.

European Court of Justice (ECJ) #

European Court of Justice (ECJ)

The European Court of Justice is the highest court in the European Union and is… #

It has the power to settle legal disputes between EU member states, EU institutions, and individuals. The European Court of Justice is located in Luxembourg.

Council of the European Union #

Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union, also known as the Council of Ministers, is on… #

It is made up of government ministers from each member state, depending on the policy area being discussed. The Council of the European Union shares legislative and budgetary powers with the European Parliament.

European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) #

European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)

The European Economic and Social Committee is a consultative body of the Europea… #

It provides opinions on legislative proposals and other EU policies, but does not have legislative powers.

European Committee of the Regions (CoR) #

European Committee of the Regions (CoR)

The European Committee of the Regions is another consultative body of the Europe… #

It provides opinions on legislative proposals and other EU policies that affect regions and cities. The European Committee of the Regions is based in Brussels, Belgium.

Decision #

Making Process in the European Union

The decision #

making process in the European Union is complex and involves several institutions and actors. The process can vary depending on the type of decision being made, but generally follows a set procedure. The main steps in the EU decision-making process include proposal, negotiation, adoption, and implementation.

Legislative Procedure #

Legislative Procedure

The legislative procedure in the European Union is the process through which EU… #

There are three main types of legislative procedures: ordinary legislative procedure, special legislative procedure, and consultation procedure. The ordinary legislative procedure, also known as co-decision, is the most common and gives equal weight to the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.

European Green Deal #

European Green Deal

The European Green Deal is a comprehensive plan of the European Commission to ma… #

It aims to transform the EU into a fair and prosperous society with a modern, resource-efficient, and competitive economy. The European Green Deal covers various sectors, including energy, transport, agriculture, and biodiversity.

European Semester #

European Semester

The European Semester is an annual cycle of economic policy coordination in the… #

It involves the coordination of economic and fiscal policies of EU member states to ensure sustainable growth, job creation, and macroeconomic stability. The European Semester includes a series of steps, such as the Annual Growth Survey, National Reform Program, and Country-Specific Recommendations.

Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) #

Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF)

The Multiannual Financial Framework is the EU's long #

term budget that sets the spending priorities and limits for the EU's annual budget. It covers a period of seven years and is designed to ensure predictability and stability in EU funding. The Multiannual Financial Framework includes various funding programs, such as the Cohesion Policy and Common Agricultural Policy.

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) #

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

The Common Agricultural Policy is one of the oldest and most important policies… #

It aims to support farmers, promote sustainable agriculture, and ensure food security in the EU. The Common Agricultural Policy includes various measures, such as direct payments to farmers, market support mechanisms, and rural development programs.

Cohesion Policy #

Cohesion Policy

Cohesion Policy is the EU's main investment policy that aims to reduce economic… #

It provides funding for projects that promote economic growth, job creation, and sustainable development in less developed regions. Cohesion Policy includes the European Regional Development Fund, the Cohesion Fund, and the European Social Fund.

European Economic Area (EEA) #

European Economic Area (EEA)

The European Economic Area is an agreement between the European Union and three… #

The EEA Agreement covers the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people between the EU member states and the EEA countries.

Schengen Area #

Schengen Area

The Schengen Area is a zone of 26 European countries that have abolished passpor… #

The Schengen Area includes most EU member states, as well as some non-EU countries, such as Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. The United Kingdom and Ireland are not part of the Schengen Area.

European Free Trade Association (EFTA) #

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

The European Free Trade Association is an intergovernmental organization that pr… #

EFTA was established in 1960 as an alternative to the European Economic Community, which later became the European Union. EFTA currently has four members – Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland.

European External Action Service (EEAS) #

European External Action Service (EEAS)

The European External Action Service is the diplomatic service of the European U… #

The European External Action Service has delegations in countries around the world and works to promote the EU's values and interests.

European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) #

European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)

The European Neighbourhood Policy is a foreign policy of the European Union that… #

The European Neighbourhood Policy promotes democracy, stability, and prosperity in the EU's neighbourhood through political dialogue, financial assistance, and cooperation on various issues.

European Stability Mechanism (ESM) #

European Stability Mechanism (ESM)

The European Stability Mechanism is a permanent rescue fund of the European Unio… #

The European Stability Mechanism was established in 2012 to help stabilize the eurozone and prevent future financial crises. It has the authority to issue bonds and loans to member states in need.

European Central Bank (ECB) #

European Central Bank (ECB)

The European Central Bank is the central bank of the eurozone and is responsible… #

It aims to maintain price stability and support economic growth in the eurozone through measures such as setting interest rates, conducting monetary operations, and supervising banks. The European Central Bank is located in Frankfurt, Germany.

European Investment Bank (EIB) #

European Investment Bank (EIB)

The European Investment Bank is the financial institution of the European Union… #

The European Investment Bank focuses on promoting sustainable growth, job creation, and infrastructure investment in the EU. It also provides financial assistance to countries outside the EU.

European Ombudsman #

European Ombudsman

The European Ombudsman is an independent body of the European Union that investi… #

The European Ombudsman helps ensure transparency, accountability, and good governance in the EU by handling complaints from citizens, businesses, and organizations. The European Ombudsman is based in Strasbourg, France.

European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) #

European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS)

The European Data Protection Supervisor is an independent authority of the Europ… #

The European Data Protection Supervisor monitors the processing of personal data by EU institutions, provides advice on data protection issues, and cooperates with national data protection authorities.

European Anti #

Fraud Office (OLAF)

The European Anti #

Fraud Office is an independent body of the European Union that investigates fraud, corruption, and other illegal activities affecting the EU budget. OLAF works to protect the financial interests of the EU by detecting and preventing fraud in EU-funded projects and programs. OLAF cooperates with national authorities and other EU institutions.

European System of Central Banks (ESCB) #

European System of Central Banks (ESCB)

The European System of Central Banks is the monetary authority of the European U… #

The ESCB is responsible for implementing the eurozone's monetary policy, issuing banknotes, and maintaining price stability in the euro area. The ESCB operates independently from political interference.

Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice #

Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice

The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice is a policy area of the European Unio… #

The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice includes measures to combat terrorism, organized crime, and human trafficking.

European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) #

European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex)

The European Border and Coast Guard Agency, also known as Frontex, is an EU agen… #

Frontex works to prevent illegal immigration, human trafficking, and cross-border crime by helping member states manage their external borders effectively. Frontex also provides technical assistance and support to border authorities.

European Asylum Support Office (EASO) #

European Asylum Support Office (EASO)

The European Asylum Support Office is an EU agency that provides support to EU m… #

EASO assists in the processing of asylum claims, provides information on country-of-origin conditions, and coordinates the relocation of asylum seekers within the EU. EASO aims to ensure a fair and efficient asylum system in the EU.

European Arrest Warrant (EAW) #

European Arrest Warrant (EAW)

The European Arrest Warrant is a legal instrument of the European Union that all… #

The European Arrest Warrant simplifies and speeds up the extradition process by replacing traditional extradition procedures with a streamlined system. The European Arrest Warrant is used to combat cross-border crime and ensure swift justice.

European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) #

European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO)

The European Public Prosecutor's Office is an EU body that investigates and pros… #

The European Public Prosecutor's Office has the authority to bring criminal proceedings against individuals who commit fraud, corruption, or other offenses involving EU funds. The EPPO operates independently from national authorities.

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) #

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)

The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights is an EU agency that promotes a… #

The Fundamental Rights Agency provides expertise on fundamental rights issues, collects data and information, and raises awareness of human rights violations. The agency works closely with EU institutions, member states, and civil society organizations.

European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) #

European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO)

The European Union Intellectual Property Office is an EU agency that is responsi… #

The EUIPO grants and registers trademarks and designs, provides information and advice on intellectual property rights, and helps combat counterfeiting and piracy. The agency aims to promote innovation, creativity, and fair competition in the EU.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) #

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

The European Food Safety Authority is an EU agency that provides scientific advi… #

EFSA assesses risks related to food and feed, evaluates scientific studies, and communicates its findings to policymakers and the public. The agency helps ensure that food in the EU is safe, nutritious, and of high quality.

European Medicines Agency (EMA) #

European Medicines Agency (EMA)

The European Medicines Agency is an EU agency that evaluates and monitors medici… #

EMA assesses the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceutical products, grants marketing authorizations, and provides scientific advice to pharmaceutical companies. The agency helps ensure that medicines in the EU meet high standards of quality and safety.

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) #

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)

The European Chemicals Agency is an EU agency that manages the registration, eva… #

ECHA helps implement the REACH Regulation, which aims to protect human health and the environment from the risks of chemicals. The agency provides guidance to companies, conducts risk assessments, and promotes the safe use of chemicals in the EU.

European Environment Agency (EEA) #

European Environment Agency (EEA)

The European Environment Agency is an EU agency that provides information and as… #

EEA collects data, analyzes trends, and produces reports on various environmental issues, such as air and water quality, biodiversity, and climate change. The agency helps policymakers, businesses, and the public make informed decisions to protect the environment.

European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) #

European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA)

The European Maritime Safety Agency is an EU agency that works to improve mariti… #

EMSA provides technical assistance, monitors maritime traffic, and coordinates responses to maritime emergencies. The agency also helps enforce EU regulations on ship safety, security, and environmental protection.

European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) #

European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

The European Aviation Safety Agency is an EU agency that sets and enforces safet… #

EASA certifies aircraft, licenses pilots, and oversees maintenance and operation procedures to ensure the highest level of safety in European skies. The agency collaborates with national aviation authorities and international partners to promote aviation safety worldwide.

European Railway Agency (ERA) #

European Railway Agency (ERA)

The European Railway Agency is an EU agency that promotes interoperability and s… #

ERA sets technical standards, issues safety certificates, and monitors compliance with EU railway regulations. The agency works to create a single European railway area that allows for seamless cross-border rail transport in the EU.

European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) #

European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA)

The European Network and Information Security Agency is an EU agency that helps… #

ENISA provides expertise on cybersecurity issues, supports the development of cybersecurity capabilities, and raises awareness of cyber threats. The agency works with EU institutions, member states, and industry partners to protect Europe's digital infrastructure.

European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External… #

European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (Frontex)

Frontex, officially known as the European Agency for the Management of Operation… #

Frontex coordinates joint operations, provides technical assistance, and supports border control activities to ensure the security of the EU's external borders.

European Union Customs Union #

European Union Customs Union

The European Union Customs Union is a single trading area in which goods can mov… #

The EU Customs Union also applies a common external tariff on goods imported from non-EU countries. The Customs Union helps facilitate trade, reduce administrative barriers, and ensure the smooth functioning of the EU's internal market.

European Single Market #

European Single Market

The European Single Market is a common market in the European Union that allows… #

The Single Market aims to remove barriers to trade, harmonize regulations, and create a level playing field for businesses in the EU. The Single Market is based on the principles of non-discrimination and mutual recognition.

European Union Competition Law #

European Union Competition Law

European Union Competition Law is a set of rules and regulations that aim to pre… #

Competition law prohibits agreements that restrict competition, abuse of dominant market positions, and mergers that may harm competition. The European Commission enforces competition law in the EU and can impose fines on companies that violate the rules.

State Aid in the European Union #

State Aid in the European Union

State Aid in the European Union refers to financial assistance given by EU membe… #

State aid rules aim to prevent unfair advantages, ensure a level playing field, and promote economic efficiency. The European Commission monitors and approves state aid measures to ensure they comply with EU law.

European Union Trade Policy #

European Union Trade Policy

European Union Trade Policy is the EU's approach to international trade, which a… #

The EU negotiates trade agreements with countries and regions around the world to create new opportunities for trade, reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers, and ensure that trade is fair and sustainable.

European Union Taxation Policy #

European Union Taxation Policy

European Union Taxation Policy is the EU's framework for coordinating tax polici… #

The EU sets common rules on value-added tax, excise duties, and other tax matters to ensure a level playing field for businesses and prevent tax fraud. Taxation policy in the EU requires unanimous agreement among member states.

European Union Energy Policy #

European Union Energy Policy

European Union Energy Policy is the EU's strategy for ensuring a secure, sustain… #

The EU aims to reduce dependency on imported energy, promote renewable energy sources, and increase energy efficiency. Energy policy in the EU includes measures to address climate change, improve energy infrastructure, and enhance energy security.

European Union Climate Policy #

European Union Climate Policy

European Union Climate Policy is the EU's response to climate change, which aims… #

The EU has set ambitious targets to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and reduce emissions by at least 55% by 2030. Climate policy in the EU includes the Emissions Trading System, renewable energy targets, and energy efficiency measures.

European Union Environmental Policy #

European Union Environmental Policy

European Union Environmental Policy is the EU's framework for protecting the env… #

The EU has adopted legislation on air and water